Breed History: 

The Saint Bernard, a majestic and steadfast breed, has origins steeped in the rugged history of the Swiss Alps. Some believe the breed evolved naturally from ancient mastiff-type dogs, while others suggest it was refined by early mountain monks. Known for their incredible strength, calm demeanour, and rescue instincts, Saint Bernards have long been valued as both lifesaving work dogs and gentle companions. Admired for their enduring courage, they became cherished partners in perilous alpine rescues and family life alike. Today, Saint Bernards are celebrated for their loyalty, resilience, and warm-hearted nature. 

The breed is also notable for being the central focus of the 1992 hit movie 'Beethoven', where a St. Bernard named after the famous German composer 'Beethoven' played the role of the main character. 

If you want to learn about other giant dog breeds and how to care for them, check out our page "Biggest Dog Breeds: Giant Dog Breeds Temperament, and Care Guide".

If you want to learn about other mastiff breeds, check out our page "Different Mastiff Dog Breeds".

Size – Large

Life Expectancy: 10 years

Breed Appearance: 

The St. Bernard is a giant, muscular, and powerfully built dog with a balanced and dignified appearance.

The breed commonly features:

• Large, broad head
• Short, strong muzzle
• Dark brown, gentle eyes
• Medium-sized drop ears
• Deep, broad chest
• Thick, muscular neck
• Strong, well-developed limbs
• Long, heavy tail carried naturally

The breed comes in two coat varieties:

• Short-haired (smooth)
• Long-haired (rough)

Both coat types are dense, weather-resistant, and have a thick undercoat.

Common coat colours include:

• White with red patches
• White with mahogany patches
• White with brindle patches

A dark facial mask and shaded ears are common and highly desirable.

The breed's massive frame and kind expression reflect its history as a dependable mountain rescue dog.

Breed Type - Family/guard: 

The St. Bernard is a gentle, calm, and dependable working breed.

It is known for being:

• Loyal and devoted
• Gentle and patient
• Affectionate
• Calm and friendly
• Intelligent
• Good with children

Despite its enormous size, the breed is typically peaceful, affectionate, and eager to be close to its family.

Training:

The St. Bernard is intelligent and generally willing to learn.

Training should focus on:

• Early socialisation
• Positive reinforcement methods
• Basic obedience training
• Leash manners
• Recall exercises
• Gentle confidence-building activities

The breed excels in:

• Therapy work
• Draft work (cart pulling)
• Obedience
• Search and rescue demonstrations
• Companion activities

Early training is essential because the breed grows rapidly into a very large and powerful adult.

Health & Care:

The St. Bernard is prone to several health concerns, including:

• Hip dysplasia
• Elbow dysplasia
• Gastric dilatation-volvulus (bloat)
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Entropion and ectropion
• Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)

Routine veterinary care, responsible breeding, weight management, and joint support help promote long-term health.

Living Conditions:

Despite their size, St. Bernards are often calm indoors:

• Adaptable to homes with enough space—yards are ideal

• Can live in large apartments if well-exercised

• Not suited to hot climates or extensive stairs

• Prefer cool, quiet environments

• May drool and track mud—cleanliness is a consideration

They’re best in households where they have close human interaction.

Exercise:

Moderate energy, but regular exercise is important:

• 1–2 walks daily, plus time to move freely in a secure yard

• Avoid intense activity in heat or during puppy growth stages

• Mental stimulation helps prevent boredom

• Enjoys pulling carts or backpacking in cooler climates

They benefit from low-impact, joint-friendly activities.

Grooming:

Moderate grooming needs:

• Brush 2–3 times a week; daily during shedding seasons

• Long-haired types need more frequent grooming

• Check and clean ears regularly

• Wipe face folds and manage drool

• Routine nail trimming, dental care, and bathing

They shed year-round, especially in spring and fall.

Advantages:

• Gentle, patient, and loving temperament

• Loyal and protective without being aggressive

• Excellent with children and other pets

• Calm and laid-back indoors

• Impressive, dignified presence

• Versatile in cold climates and outdoor work

Disadvantages:

• Very large—requires strong owners and space

• Prone to serious health issues

• Shorter lifespan than many breeds

• Heavy drooling, especially after eating or drinking

• Not heat-tolerant

• Can be stubborn during training

• May knock over small children unintentionally