Breed History:

The Mexican Hairless Dog, known as the Xoloitzcuintli or simply Xolo, is one of the world’s oldest and rarest breeds. Originating in Mexico over 3,000 years ago, the Xolo was revered by ancient civilisations such as the Aztecs, Toltecs, and Maya, who believed the dog had healing properties and could guide souls to the afterlife. Its name comes from the Aztec god “Xolotl” and “itzcuintli,” meaning dog in Nahuatl.

Historically used for companionship, healing, and even ceremonial purposes, the breed nearly disappeared after the Spanish conquest but was preserved in rural parts of Mexico. Recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale and the American Kennel Club, the Xolo remains a national treasure and cultural symbol of Mexico.

Size – Small to Medium to Large (Three Sizes: Toy, Miniature, Standard)

Life Expectancy: 13–18 years

Breed Appearance:

The Xoloitzcuintli comes in two varieties: hairless and coated. The hairless variety is the most well-known, with smooth, tough, and warm skin that requires skincare rather than brushing. The coated variety has a short, sleek coat. Both types have a graceful yet muscular build, almond-shaped eyes, and large, bat-like ears.

Colours include black, slate, bronze, brindle, and grey. The breed’s lean, athletic frame and upright posture reflect its alert and dignified presence.

Breed Type – Companion/Guard:

The Xolo is a loyal and protective companion, often forming deep bonds with its family. It is known for its calm and intelligent nature, making it an excellent household dog. Xolos can be wary of strangers, which, paired with their alertness, makes them reliable watchdogs.

Though dignified and sometimes aloof, especially with strangers, Xolos are affectionate and gentle with their loved ones. They do well in calm households and can adapt to urban or rural life.

Training:

The Xoloitzcuintli is an intelligent and responsive breed, making it generally easy to train with positive reinforcement techniques. It is eager to please but can have a slightly independent streak, so early training and socialisation are important to prevent shy or overly protective behaviour.

Basic obedience, exposure to various people, places, and other dogs help shape a well-rounded, confident companion. Xolos are sensitive to harsh tones or punishment, so gentle, reward-based training works best.

Health & Care:

The Xolo is a hardy and long-lived breed with relatively few health issues. Common health considerations include:

• Skin conditions (in hairless variety), such as acne, sunburn, and dryness.

• Missing teeth, especially in the hairless variety, is due to a genetic trait linked with hairlessness.

• Hip dysplasia (rare, mostly in standard-sized Xolos).

Regular checkups, good nutrition, and skin care are essential. The coated variety may have fewer grooming concerns, but both types benefit from a stable, low-stress lifestyle.

Living Conditions:

Xolos are versatile and adaptable, doing well in both apartments and homes with secure yards. Despite their lack of fur, they are surprisingly tolerant of cooler temperatures when provided with sweaters or dog coats. However, they are best suited to warmer climates.

They thrive when kept close to their families and may develop separation anxiety if left alone too long. These dogs do best in calm, quiet households where they can receive consistent companionship and gentle guidance.

Exercise:

While not overly energetic, Xolos require daily exercise to stay mentally and physically fit. This includes:

• Daily walks

• Free play in a secure yard

• Occasional runs or light agility activities

They are athletic and agile but not hyperactive. Mental stimulation, such as puzzle toys and obedience games, can help prevent boredom-related behaviours.

Grooming:

Hairless variety:

• Requires skin care, including weekly baths and occasional moisturising to prevent dryness.

• Sunscreen may be needed in hot weather.

• Regular checks for cuts or irritation are important.

Coated variety:

• Minimal grooming; weekly brushing is sufficient.

For both types:

• Nail trimming every 2–3 weeks

• Regular ear cleaning

• Dental hygiene is especially important due to the breed’s predisposition to dental issues.

Advantages:

• Hypoallergenic qualities; minimal shedding (especially in hairless variety)

• Ancient, culturally rich breed with a noble history

• Loyal, calm, and affectionate with family

• Low exercise needs compared to other active breeds

• Adaptable to different living environments

• Protective but not aggressive when socialised

Disadvantages:

• Skin care can be intensive for hairless individuals (acne, sunburn risk)

• May be reserved or shy with strangers without early socialisation

• Susceptible to cold weather; needs clothing in cool climates

• Can develop separation anxiety if left alone for long periods

• Prone to dental issues and missing teeth

• Barking may occur if under-stimulated or anxious